What is the dramatic effectiveness of Act 3 Scene 5 in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

What is the dramatic effectiveness of Act 3 Scene 5 in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? Essay William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is a fictional play written in the region of 1594-1596. It was an adaptation of the Arthur Brookes poem, The tragical history of Romeus and Juliet which was published in 1562. The Elizabethan audience had different expectations. They were happy to go to see a story that had been changed a little and to see Shakespeares interpretation of it. Many people went to see the play because Romeo and Juliet was wrote around two historical families, the Montagues and the Capulets. Nevertheless, the storyline is fictional. Shakespeare also added in a few additional characters such as the Nurse, Mercutio, and Friar Lawrence. The language used in Elizabethan times is very different to that of todays society and Shakespeare often writes using blank verse or iambi pentameter. We will write a custom essay on What is the dramatic effectiveness of Act 3 Scene 5 in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Act 3 Scene 5 in a very dramatic scene when performed on stage or in a film. The start of the scene is slow and gains momentum as it goes on. The scene starts with frequent entrances of different characters, the constant changes of mood, the extremes of emotions expressed and the dramatic irony present all contribute to the dramatic effectiveness of this central scene. The first part of the scene is when Romeo and Juliet have to part because Romeo has been banished from Verona for the death of Tybalt. It begins quite quietly when the pair awake after consummating their marriage. Juliet is very reluctant to let Romeo go but he is sensitive and supportive of her. I will omit no opportunity That will convey my greetings, love, to thee. Meaning that he will contact her at every given time and opportunity. This part in the scene is quite relaxed compared to the sections that follow when Juliet is alone, unsupported and which she is full of emotion. The moods of the pair are contrasting in that Romeo is optimistic and Juliet is full of dread and she foresees something tragic happening, she has a premonition in which causes a sense of fear and anxiety amongst the audience of the play. O God, I have an ill-divining soul! Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. Unfortunately this premonition comes true as the next time she sees Romeo he is dead in a tomb. This statement that Juliet made could have a very chilling effect on the people viewing the play. Juliets premonition may also remind the audience of Romeos earlier dreaded premonition of dying at a young age. My mind misgives Some consequence yet hanging in the stars Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this nights revels and expire the term Of a despised life, closed in my breast, By some vile forfeit of untimely death. This scene therefore dramatically points forward and looks backwards to other scenes in the play. When Lady Capulet enters the scene a sudden sense of tension occurs. She bursts in rather suddenly and destroys the romantic atmosphere between Romeo and Juliet. This happens a lot during the play as parents intruded the intimate world of the lovers. As soon as we hear that Lady Capulet is coming we experience dramatic irony because we know that she is coming to announce Juliets marriage to County Paris, we feel a little nervous for Juliet as she doesnt know the news. What unaccustomed cause procures her hither? Juliet is suspicious because her mother has never been into her room before and the audience are anxiously awaiting the news to be broke to Juliet. The exchange between Juliet and Lady Capulet shows some very effective contrasts, visually, verbally and in the mood. From the warmth and love between Romeo and Juliet in the preceding lines to the cold formality between Juliet and her mother. They communicate very formally showing that the pair are not very close and address each other using phrases like My Lady Mother, Madam and Girl, Child. Between the sight of Juliet weeping with being overcome with emotion and her cold mother plotting revenge on Romeo in a deadly, vicious fashion. We will have vengeance for it, fear thou not. Then weep no more. Between the hatred which Lady Capulet expresses for Romeo and Juliets love for him. Juliet: What villain, Madam? Lady Capulet: That same villain, Romeo Juliet : Villain and he be many miles asunder. What Juliet means by this is that Romeo is far from a villain but also he is far from Verona. The meaning Juliets words have for Lady Capulet and the meaning the have for the audience differentiate. She uses word-play so that she is not disloyal to Romeo but does not lead her mother to suspect the real truth. Here is am example of this: .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 , .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .postImageUrl , .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 , .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42:hover , .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42:visited , .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42:active { border:0!important; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42:active , .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42 .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2973f1cb31042a41ee046173d367ad42:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Coursework on Revenge EssayIndeed I never shall be satisfied With Romeo till I behold him-dead- Is my poor heart so for a kinsman vexed. This has two meanings, one of them being that shell never be satisfied until she hold Romeo yet she says it as if she wants him dead. Lady Capulet takes dead to follow on from the proceeding word while Juliet means for it to belong with the words that follow. The use of word-play in this way gains an ambivalent reaction from the audience, that it has a dual-reaction, which is dramatically effective. The audience is shocked by Lady Capulets cruelty, but are also amused by her daughters clever way of hiding her true feelings. This also adds dramatic irony again as we know Juliets true meaning, but Lady Capulet does not. An example of this is when she is pretending to be crying for Tybalt but really she is crying for Romeo. The next section of the scene is when Lady Capulet announces the purpose of her visit and this immediately arouses the audiences expectations as we tensely await Juliets reaction to this shocking arrangement. Irony is again present here and makes the scene very effective here. As Lady Capulet refers to her joyful news and ironically also Juliets first reaction is a pleasing one, And joy comes well in such a needy time. The announcement is made highly dramatic by delaying the crucial words Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride The intensity of Juliets angry reaction would be the cause of great drama on the stage and when being performed as it is the first confrontation Juliet has had with her family, Now by Saint Peters church and Peter too He shall not make me there joyful bride! She is extremely indignant, Here are news indeed! And very determined, I will not marry yet The audience of course knows of her situation and this would make them feel highly sympathetic to Juliet. Lord Capulet arrives on the scene he makes it become one of the most dramatic parts of the whole scene as it is the most violent and furious. A number of factors make it dramatically effective: He arrives in a frightening and threatening mood and Lady Capulets fear warns us of whet to expect, Here comes your father. Tell him yourself And see how he will take it at your hands. In other words see how he will have a bad reaction to this news. He is obviously a domestic tyrant who rules by force and frightening people to get his own way and his huge ego is emphasised by the way he regards himself as royalty. He talks in the third person and is formal and above his status. He is also pompous and arrogant. Have you delivered to her our decree? His highly effective on stage as he bustles in full of good humour, congratulating himself on his plan for Juliet and causing a great stir as he takes control of the situation and becomes the most important. It id visually effective as he is the only male on the stage and he enjoys being in control and making the women feel scared. What Lady Capulet says next is overdramatic and shell regret ever saying it. I would the fool were married to her grave She says she wishes Juliet to be dead and it is very shocking in its cruelty and also ironic as Juliet is to die very shortly. The way Lord Capulet speaks would be dramatically effect when performed. He uses a lot of short, sharp questions which creates a sense of furious bewilderment. How? Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? The disjointed sentence structure created tension and suggests that his anger is mounting violently. There is a great deal of effective variety in his language. Sometimes he uses a single image and works it out in am elaborate and pompous way, for example, In one little body Thou counterfeits a bark, a sea, a wind. He is saying that one young girl is causing many problems, like a storm at sea with one little boat in trouble. Some times he speaks very cruelly as he loses control of his temper, .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 , .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .postImageUrl , .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 , .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2:hover , .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2:visited , .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2:active { border:0!important; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2:active , .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2 .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u87427849b3e03da5b9d668a5497248e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Morrison's novel Beloved EssayThank me no thanks, nor proud me no prouds Meaning dont you dear give me any thanks and he is also trying to silence her. He has a wide range of abusive phrases for his only daughter and child: Mistress Minion, you greensickness carrion (she is weak and has no strength of character to do what she is told), young baggage, hilding (she is a worthless problem). His anger amounts and becomes frightening. As well as verbal abuse he also threatens Juliet with actual physical violence which is both dramatic and shocking, My fingers itch. He wants to hit her. Even Lady Capulet finds this fury too much at this stage and tries to intervene but he doesnt listen to her. The Nurse however adds humour when she intervenes on Juliets behalf. Lord Capulet uses sarcasm and a range of amusing and chauvinistic terms to call her, i.e. my Lady Wisdom and you mumbling fool. This acts as relief before his final speech. Lord Capulet makes a very dramatic exit, as he did for his entrance, after a speech of extreme and out of control emotion. A stream of abuse builds up one after another resulting in a final treat made all the more effective by the use of monosyllables and short words, And you be mine, Ill give you to my friend And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets. Capulets final words are very revealing. All this tremendous expenditure of anger amounts to is male pride and bullying. Trust tot. Bethinks you Ill not be foreworn. He is saying, listen to me, trust me, I wont change my mind. The audience is disgusted by his final words and we feel nothing but hatred for him as he is petty and ridiculous. The penultimate part of the scene is now, by means of contrast and relief, a brief and quite exchange between Juliet and her mother. Juliet is very moving as she begs her mother, O sweet mother, cast me not away. Saying to her, dont desert me mother. But Lady Capulet also rejects her only child yet in a different way, she is cold and unnatural rather than angry. She keeps her anger in by saying, Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. As an audience this is shocking and our hearts go out to Juliet as we know her situation and we feel hatred for her mother. The final episode in the scene concerns the Nurse to whom Juliet turns to, to seek advice in her extreme distress. We hope, as the audience, that the Nurse will provide a solution. However, the Nurse disappoints Juliet and the audience by her in moral suggestion. Then since the case so stands as now it doth I think it best you married with the county. She thinks that she should marry County Paris. This makes us feel pity for Juliet as she seems a victim of Fate, but we admire her for her loyalty to Romeo. Her indignation for the Nurse is very dramatically effective, as she despises her for her bad and offending advice and her hypocrisy to Romeo. Ancient damnation! O most wicked fiend! She is evil to suggest that and this extreme language is very vivid. Juliets romanticism contrasts effectively with the Nurses critical and practical advice. Juliet seems to mature at the end of this scene and this makes for very effective drama. She acts with detachment from the Nurse, who has shattered her illusions, Well thou hast comforted me marvellous much She says this with sarcasm and although we feel great pity for her in her isolation we also admire her for her courage and dignity, .Go, counsellor! Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. Meaning, youve give me advice but from now on my heart and your advice will be apart. In conclusion in this highly dramatic scene we see Juliet abandoned by those who claim to love her and who she is suppose to be able to turn to for help and advice and look to for support, love and wisdom. The major contrast in this scene full of contrasts is between Youth and Age. Sadly Age does not emerge at all well from the episode, showing itself unreasonable, proud, unloving, unnatural and cynical. Youth on the other hand shows itself spontaneous but loving, loyal and principled. Juliet refuses to deny her real love for Romeo. Therefore the dramatic effectiveness of the scene shows the constant changes in mood and extreme emotions.

Speech public speaking Essay Example

Speech public speaking Essay Example Speech public speaking Essay Speech public speaking Essay Essay Topic: Public Speaking Book Report In the book, How to Develop-Self Confidence Influence People by Public Speaking The main takeaway from this book is that Dale Carnegie shows how improving public speaking and improving self-confidence are a function of preparation, education, determination and practice. There is no short cut to a better you rather a long path of self-improvement. He shows you how to develop poise, improve your memory, begin and end a talk, Interest and charm your audience, improve your diction, and Win an argument without making enemies. An important quote that Dale Carnegie mentioned in the book was, Is there the faintest shadow of a reason why you should not be able to think as well in a perpendicular position before an audience as you can when sitting down? Surely, you know there is not. In fact, you ought to think better when facing group. Their presence ought to stir and lift you. A great many speakers will tell you that the presence of an audience is a stimulus, an inspiration that drives their brains to function more clearly, more keenly. The reason I think that quote is so important is because it shows how to gain self-confidence, and develop courage. Being able to speak in public isnt only about changing the world. It can be about making your point heard and noticed, being respected and acknowledged. Another thing I can say related the book is that it is very important not to let anything disturb the focus of your audience. You dont want anything moving around on stage or in the room, peoples focus gets pulled directly to movement. I say this because being a good public speaker can change your life. It will open doors for you that you never believed you had access to and what is best, it is a skill you can learn and will learn, if you practice. Thats what I learned about the book How to develop Self-confidence Influence People. Speech about Censorship Special Occasional Speech Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Today I would like to talk about censorship. By the group taboos enforced by group leaders, censorship of a kind exists in primary groups, such as the neighborhood, village, or small community. Today censorship is a hash of social control closely correlated with rapid communication and with the extension of secondary group relationships transcending the usual limitations of space. Just as opinion had a narrow range in the village, so, too, the control of expression of opinion and of action had the same boundaries. Censorship is fundamentally a phase of social taboo against the expression of opinion. If it once had a narrow range in primary groups, today it reaches as far as political power and public opinion extend. In the primary group censorship of opinion for the most part as restricted to control of speech rather than of printing. In secondary groups censorship has moved definitely toward tabooing the printing of opinion as well as controlling speech. The fundamental purpose of censorship of free speech and of the crowd-audience, the censorship of the press attempts to control the public- audience. The purpose of this report is to give information on regarding censorship knowledge . N this presentation, I would like to talk about: The reason of censorship exists, the relationship between censorship and intellectual freedom, and orangeroot and censorship. Censorship occurs when expressive materials, like books, magazines, films and videos, or works of art, are removed or kept from public access. Individuals and pressure groups identify materials to which they object. Sometimes they succeed in pressuring schools not to use them, libraries not to shelve them, book and video stores not to carry them, publishers not to publish them, or art galleries not to display them. Censorship also occurs when materials are restricted to particular audiences, based on their age or other characteristics. According to George Bernard Shaw, all censorship exist to prevent anyone from challenging current conceptions and existing institutions. All progress is initiated by challenging current conceptions and executed by supplanting existing institutions. Consequently the first condition of progress is the removal of censorship. There is the whole case against censorship in a nutshell. When a society has intellectual freedom, citizens can collect and distribute any information they want without any restraints. The reason I say this is because this brings in dedication and commencement. The final thing that I want to talk about is blobs. I feel that blobs are a great addition to a literary classroom. Teachers could ask students to post thoughts, feelings, etc. About the novels in class. They can also post discussion boards where students can talk about issues in the book or answer questions. It takes the literary discussion away from the classroom and in doing so gives everybody a place to express what they feel about a novel being studied.

Biography of Isabella dEste, Patron of the Renaissance

Biography of Isabella d'Este, Patron of the Renaissance Isabella dEste (May 19, 1474–February 13, 1539) was a patron of Renaissance learning, arts, and literature. She was actively involved in political intrigues among the nobles of Europe. Isabella left behind a voluminous correspondence of more than 2,000 letters, which provide much insight into the world of the Italian Renaissance. Fast Facts: Isabella d'Este Known For: Patron of the Italian RenaissanceBorn: May 19, 1474 in Ferrara, ItalyParents: Ercole I dEste and Eleanor of NaplesDied: February 13, 1539 in Mantua, ItalySpouse: Francesco Gonzaga (m. 1490-1519)Children: 8 Early Life Isabella dEste was born into the noble Ferrara family of Ferra, Italy on May 19, 1474. She may have been named for her relative, Queen Isabella of Spain. She was the eldest in her large family, and, according to contemporary accounts, was her parents favorite. Their second child was also a girl, Beatrice. Brothers Alfonso- the family heir- and Ferrante followed, and then two more brothers, Ippolitto and Sigismondo. Education Isabellas parents educated their daughters and sons equally. Isabella and her sister Beatrice both studied Latin and Greek, Roman history, music, astrology, and dancing. Isabella was accomplished enough in politics to debate with ambassadors when she was only 16. When Isabella was six, she became betrothed to the future fourth Marquis of Mantua, Francesco Gonzaga, whom she met the following year. They were married on February 15, 1490. Gonzaga was a military hero, more interested in sports and horses than in arts and literature, though he was a generous patron of the arts. Isabella continued her studying after her marriage, even sending home for her Latin books. Her sister Beatrice married the Duke of Milan, and the sisters visited each other often. Isabella was described as a beauty, with dark eyes and golden hair. She was famous for her fashion sense- her style was copied by noble women throughout Europe. Her portrait was painted twice by Titian and also by Leonardo da Vinci, Mantegna, Rubens, and others. Patronage Isabella, and to a lesser degree her husband, supported many of the Renaissances painters, writers, poets, and musicians. Artists with whom Isabella was associated include Perugino, Battista Spagnoli, Raphael, Andrea Mantegna, Castiglione, and Bandello. Also part of the court circle were figures such as writers Ariosto and Baldassare Castiglione, architect Giulio Romano, and musicians Bartolomeo Tromboncino and Marchetto Cara.  Isabella also exchanged letters with Leonardo da Vinci over a six-year period after his visit to Mantua in 1499. Isabella collected many pieces of artwork over her lifetime, some for an art-filled private studio, essentially creating an art museum. She specified the content of some of these by commissioning particular works. Motherhood Isabellas first daughter Leonora Violante Maria was born in 1493 or 1494. She was named for Isabellas mother, who had died not long before the birth. Leonora later married Francesco Maria della Rovere, the Duke of Urbino. A second daughter, who lived for less than two months, was born in 1496. Having a male heir was important to Italian families in order to pass titles and lands within the family. Isabella had been given a gold cradle as a gift at her daughters birth. Contemporaries cited her strength in putting aside the cradle until she finally had a son, Federico, in 1500. A Ferrara heir, he later became the first duke of Mantua. A daughter Livia was born in 1501; she died in 1508. Ippolita, another daughter, arrived in 1503; she would live into her late 60s as a nun. Another son was born in 1505, Ercole, who became a cardinal and was nearly selected in 1559 to serve as Pope. Ferrante was born in 1507; he became a soldier and married into the di Capua family. Arrival of Lucrezia Borgia In 1502, Lucrezia Borgia, the sister of Cesare Borgia, arrived in Ferrara to marry Isabellas brother Alfonso, the Ferrara heir. Despite Lucrezias reputation- her first two marriages did not end well for those husbands- it appears that Isabella welcomed her warmly at first, and others followed her lead. But dealing with the Borgia family brought other challenges to Isabellas life. She found herself negotiating with Lucrezias brother Cesare Borgia, who had overthrown the Duke of Urbino, the husband of her sister-in-law and friend Elisabetta Gonzaga. As early as 1503, Isabellas new sister-in-law Lucrezia Borgia and Isabellas husband Francesco had begun an affair; passionate letters between the two survived. As might be expected, Isabellas initial welcome to Lucrezia turned to a coolness between them.​ Husbands Capture In 1509, Isabellas husband Francesco was captured by the forces of King Charles VIII of France and was held in Venice as a prisoner. In his absence, Isabella served as regent, defending the city as commander of the citys forces. She negotiated a peace treaty that provided for her husbands safe return in 1512. After this episode, the relationship between Francesco and Isabella deteriorated. He had already begun to be publicly unfaithful before his capture and returned quite ill. The affair with Lucrezia Borgia ended when he realized he had syphilis. Isabella moved to Rome, where she was quite popular among the cultural elite. Widowhood In 1519, after Francesco died, Isabellas eldest son Federico became the marquis. Isabella served as his regent until he came of age, and after that, her son took advantage of her popularity, keeping her in a prominent role in the governing of the city. In 1527, Isabella bought a cardinalate for her son Ercole, paying 40,000 ducats to Pope Clement VII who needed money to face attacks by Bourbon forces. When the enemy attacked Rome, Isabella led the defense of her fortified property and she and many who had taken refuge with her were spared. Isabellas son Ferrante was among the Imperial troops. Isabella soon returned to Mantua, where she led the citys recovery from illness and famine that killed almost one-third of the population. The following year, Isabella went to Ferrara to welcome the new bride of Duke Ercole of Ferrara (son of Isabellas brother Alfonso and Lucrezia Borgia). He married Renà ©e of France, daughter of Anne of Brittany and Louis XII. Ercole and Renà ©e had been married in Paris on June 28. Renà ©e was herself a well-educated woman, a first cousin of Marguerite of Navarre. Renà ©e and Isabella maintained a friendship, with Isabella taking a special interest in Renà ©es daughter Anna dEste. Isabella traveled quite a bit after her husbands death. She was in Bologna in 1530 when Emperor Charles V was crowned by the pope. She was able to convince the Emperor to raise her sons status to that of duke of Mantua. She negotiated a marriage for him to Margherita Paleologa, an heiress. They had a son in 1533. Death Isabella became ruler in her own right of a small city-state, Solarolo, in 1529. She actively governed that territory until she died in 1539. Legacy Isabella is best remembered for her support of numerous now-famous artists, including Michelangelo, da Vinci, and Raphael. Artist Judy Chicago- whose work explores the role of women in history- included Isabella dEste in her famous piece The Dinner Party. Sources Bonoldi, Lorenzo.  Isabella dEste: A Renaissance Woman. Guaraldi, 2016.Marek, George.  The Bed and the Throne: The Life of Isabella DEste. Harper Row, 1976.Julia Cartwright. Isabella DEste, Marchioness of Mantua. E.P. Dutton, 1903.

Bio answeres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bio answeres - Essay Example Wunder (2014) asserts that these provision may not be applicable in the modern society and the vulnerability of the native communities has minimized. Consequently, the traditional American justice system may suit the native communities. The level of discrimination in the juvenile justice system in alarming. The system created with the objective of separating children from adult offenders have been occasionally used to target specific communities. In an argument by Finlay (2007) minority communities tend to be preyed by the system with the belief that it may incubate crime rates in adults. For this reason, minority groups such as the Hispanics and African Americans are greater targets of the juvenile justice system. Zimring & Tanenhaus (2014) are of the assumption that changes made to the juvenile justice system to transfer offender to the adult system poses more risk to minority communities. Hispanics and African Americans get transferred more from the juvenile justice system to the adult system than any other community (Zimring & Tanenhaus,

Five Controversial Argumentative Views That Constitute a Proper Aim of Essay

Five Controversial Argumentative Views That Constitute a Proper Aim of Law - Essay Example Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.† Mills was a British philosopher, economist and civil servant and a very influential contributor to the ideas of his time in social theory, political theory, and political economy. His concept of liberty gave complete control and freedom to the individual and opposed unlimited state control. Mills’ theory excuses persons who are â€Å"incapable of self-government† from this principle, such as young children or those living in â€Å"backward states of society.† Mills also felt that despotism (tyranny) is an acceptable form of government for societies that are â€Å"backward,† as long as the absolute ruler has the best interests of the people at heart. However, the theory has complications as â€Å"harms† may include actions that are omitted as well as acts of commission. Failing to rescue a drowning child or failing to pay taxes, both are harmful omissions that may be regula ted by law. Mills did not think that offense constituted â€Å"harm†; however, an action could be curtailed if it violated the morals of a society. He also contended that free speech is a necessary condition for intellectual and social progress. He was famous for being one of the first supporters of rights for women. In his book â€Å"The Subjection of Women† he points out three major facets hindering women, society and gender construction, education, and marriage. His formation of the â€Å"greatest-happiness principle† is his most famous theory. It stipulated that a person must always act so as to produce the greatest happiness among feeling beings within reason. He also felt that intellectual and moral pleasures were more important than physical forms of pleasure. He believed in free markets and accepted intervention in the economy for tax on alcohol and supported legislation on animal welfare. John Austin was a noted British jurist and author of law and juri sprudence. He developed a theory called â€Å"legal positivism.† This basic theory of law states that there is no association between the validity of a law and ethics and morality. Therefore, by â€Å"legal positivism† the law is considered separate from moral and ethical values. It considers the law to be studied by lawmakers who are humans. It does not give any real basis for arguing against the validity of any law based on the content, no matter how horrible to the morality of any person. The argument is based solely on the nature of the law being a human institution. Gerald Dworkin is a professor of moral, political and legal philosophy. He is noted for his development and writings on â€Å"moral paternalism†, which refers to an attitude or policy based on the hierarchy of a families’ CEO or authority. His research includes ideas of the nature and justification of self-government or the right of self-government. His most recent book defends physician- assisted suicide. In it he argues that doctors who approve of stopping life support at the patient’s request, giving pain-relief medication that kills the patient, or who approves terminal sedation are inconsistent in condemning physician-assisted suicide. â€Å"Legal moralism† is a theory of jurisprudence which projects that laws may be used to prohibit or require a certain

Bottom Up Approach Of Urban Planning

Bottom Up Approach Of Urban Planning Some developing countries like India and China have adopted the bottom-up approach in urban planning, solving the urban problems faced by their cities. The reason of the emergence of this phenomenon was obvious that the central governments of the developing states need to pay more attention to boost the nations economy while cities of the states are still facing a lot of urban problems like poor living environment, poor public infrastructure, lack of housing, over-crowding, pollutions or even widespread poverty. Bottom-up approach of urban planning generally means that local governments or committees formed by local citizens are responsible for urban planning of their own districts, solving the urban problems and planning their future development, and thus the districts link together to make the whole nation or region become more developed. In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of the approach will be covered and examples of cities in developing countries like China and India will be cited before having the final conclusion. It cannot be denied that the bottom-up approach is more man-centered than the classic Top-down approach which means the districts need to follow the guidelines and instructions of the central government to develop. Also, the voices of the citizens can be listened during the policy making and planning of the future development of the districts. Decision making is faster and desperate and serious problems of districts could be alleviated or solved in a shorter time. AR.UTTAM K.ROY (2009) had a research on West Bengal in India and wrote a report called Integration of Top down and Bottom up approach in Urban and Regional Planning: West Bengal Experience of Draft Development Plans (DDP) and beyond. According to the report, West Bengal enacted the West Bengal Municipal Act in 1993 to decentralize spatial and socio-economic planning of different districts. Municipalities and municipal corporations are required to prepare the Draft Development Plans of five years. AR.UTTAM K.ROY (2009) found that DDP could really involve people in the problem identification, prioritization and validation of the plan and desperate and serious urban problems faced by the people were alleviated. Besides, Bottom-up approach could reduce the burden of the central government and more central resources could be used for macro-economic development. As mentioned by P.K. Mohanty(1999),the Director of Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment of New Delhi in India, in a book chapter, Decentralization Reforms and Innovations in Municipal Management in India, Decentralization, if pursued properly, is likely to yield various benefits, including:..freeing of central resources for macroeconomic concerns such as stabilization, structural adjustment ,and poverty alleviation. On the district level, local resources could be exploited and allocated better. Thus, the efficiency of service delivery could be improved. Also, as citizens have a greater chance to involve in urban planning and decision of policies, grass-root democracy could be promoted. As their opinions could be listened and accepted and social problems could be solved, social stability can also be raised. Stable and peaceful society benefits the development of local economy. However, such planning approach also has some disadvantages. Firstly, some long-term planning cannot be drawn up sometimes. When local people can get involved in urban policy making, they may only focus on the issues related to the immediate needs of citizens. According to the book Planning from the bottom up written by professor Anirban Pal(2008)of Delft University of Technology and the repor by AR.UTTAM K.ROY(2009)cities which used the bottom-up approach, the local planning organizations or committees like the districts in West Bengal in India can seldom come up with the development projects for future residential growth or future spatial land use plans. And small scale projects like opening up of green space, creation of health centers, beautification of parks remain the majority of the work of the local committees and organizations. Therefore, some professionals doubt that whether the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning method for cities sustainable development or not. In fact, the lack of long-term plan of the development of the city and spatial land use plans would make the land use pattern of the cities become chaotic, raising other kinds of social problems and hindering the long-term development of the cities. Secondly, the bottom-up approach can lead to competitions between different districts within cities which can result in social instability. Professor Anirban Pal (2008) used Beijing, the capital of China, as an example in his book Planning from the bottom up. Different districts in Beijing are now trying to carry out different policies to raise their own attractiveness for foreign investments. The district level governments compete in carrying out widespread redevelopment and forced evictions. This has led to social unrest in Beijing. Therefore, it can be seen that bottom-up approach may lead to social instability if district level governments are too ambitious. Thirdly, the process of planning would not be truly bottom-up if the local district power is concentrated in the hands of one political organization and there are few channels for the local citizens to get involved in the planning process. Such problem can be found in Kolkata according to V.Ramaswamy. The ruling party in Kolkata has great power and high social status and thus there is no effective opposition to it. And the ruling party control the urban policy making and planning and local citizens do not have so much chance to get involved in the planning process .In this case, the process of planning is not really bottom-up to a large extent. This also shows that the planning organizations should be independent of the ruling parties. If not, the bottom-up approach can never be really effective. Moreover, there is a problem of lack of expertise in LDCs. It is not uncommon that citizens of LDCs do not hold a high education level. Although local citizens have the rights in planning the development and the land uses of the cities, most of them do not have the professional knowledge in the area of urban planning and urban policy. Just like in India the education level is low, more than 140,000,000 people do not have primary educational level and only about 400,000 people have received tertiary education level. Therefore , it is very difficult to guarantee the plans drawn up by the local organizations without expertise are long-term plans which can benefit the growth and development of the cities. The local groups may only concern about the immediate needs of the local people, neglecting environmental conservation and long-term socio-economic development. From the above, it can be seen that the bottom-up approach also has certain limitations and such approach may even harms the long-term development of the cities in LDCs. However, it is very obvious that the urban problems faced by citizens in LDCs cannot be solved easily by the traditional Top-down approach as the central government may focus on the development of whole country rather than district issues and it is very hard for the central government to recognize every district issues. Thus, it seems the bottom-up approach is the most effective method to solve the immediate issues in the districts and satisfy the needs of the local people. Furthermore, if the local immediate problems like poverty, poor living environment could not be solved, the development of whole country would be hindered. To put it simply, the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning method for LDCs when tackling the urban problems in the districts but not so beneficial for further development. In order to achieve sustainable development, cities of LDCs should adopt an approach which consists the elements of Top-down approach and bottom-up approach .This means the government can set up general guidelines and instructions for the districts to follow while granting them enough freedom and resources in tackling local affairs and drawing up plans of future development. Also, Kurian Joseph, R. Nagendran (2007) and Kumar. SA jay (2007) recommended in their papers, Top-Down And Bottom-Up Approach For Sustainability Of Waste Management In Developing Countries and Participatory Spatial Planning A Model from Kollam District, espectively that groups of multi skill professional should engage in the process of planning and tackling urban problems. In fact, tackling issues like environmental problems especially needs the engagement of the professionals. Whats more, in order to facilitate the urban planning process, the central government should enact laws to restrict the participation of politicians like members of ruling parties and government officials in local urban planning, educate the public and raise their awareness on the urban problems around them and start introduce the concept of sustainable development to the communities. For the general development of whole country, central government should monitor the development of different districts and avoid vicious competition between the districts which may lead to social unrest. When vicious competition emerges, central government should intervene in order to make the political scene and society stable. However, it should be noted that the state government should not intervene so much if there is no vicious competition between cities. According to the paper which is called Vision 2021: Urban Governance in India by Dinesh Mehta(1999),the state government should intervene as little as possible if the cities develop in a right way. All in all, the bottom-up approach is a good urban planning method which can really address the problems faced by the local citizens of LDCs. But the classic Top-down approach still cannot be forgotten as it is good for cities further development. Therefore, an approach which integrates both approaches would be a suitable way for cities of LCDs to achieve sustainable development.

To what extent is Dracula a conventional Gothic protagonist?

Within the Gothic genre, features of the Gothic protagonist include sharply contrasting character traits, some degree of tragic stature, a striking physical presence, an element of the sexual, and an association with the bestial. Stoker presents Dracula with greatly contrasting traits, from the impeccably polite and courteous host who greets Harker at the door, to a raging psychopathic monster. The aristocratic and noble nature of Dracula's heritage gives him charisma and credibility, on first encounter he seems strange but eccentric, however this lulls Harker, and obviously his female victims, into a false sense of security: â€Å"The light and warmth of the Count's courteous welcome seemed to have dissipated all my doubts and fears. † Stoker reveals Dracula's true self slowly and subtly, so as to build tension, such as when Dracula touches Harker and he feels: â€Å"a horrible feeling of nausea. This imagery hints at the horror of Dracula's true character, which is finally revealed when he encounters the Brides: â€Å"But the count! Never did I imagine such wraths of fury, even in the demons of the pit! † Stoker presents the count as being: â€Å"lapped in a storm of fury,† foreshadowing the terrible storm at Whitby when Dracula arrives on English soil. Stoker's uses the imagery of hell to describe Dracula's rage, writing: â€Å"his eyes were positively blazing†¦ as if the flames of hell-fire blazed in them. This imagery of a fiery furnace is similar to Milton's description of Satan in Paradise Lost' as â€Å"the infernal serpent,† dwelling in a â€Å"penal fire. † However despite Satan's high status and charisma, he does not have the extreme contrast in personality, and the genteel almost awkward persona that Dracula has. Stoker presents Dracula as having tragic stature through his loneliness and sadness that his once noble family have been destroyed. Dracula tells Harker that he longs: â€Å"to be in the midst of the whirl and rush of humanity, to share its life, its change, its death, and all that makes it what it is. But alas! † This desire demonstrates how isolated Dracula feels, as he has been left behind, an unwanted remnant of the ancient world. His immortality means he cannot relate to modernity, and the fast pace of life, and he is stuck in an endless cycle, a pseudo-purgatory for the Un-dead. Stoker presents Dracula as talking with great pride of his heritage, which he is determined to reinstate in England: â€Å"We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought†¦ for lordship. Milton also presents Satan as a tragic character, because of his doomed destiny to live forever in the fiery pits of Hell, but also that he has an overwhelming hubris that ultimately makes his downfall so much more difficult to accept: â€Å"for this infernal spirit shall never hold celestial spirits in bondage. † When Dracula is finally killed, Mina writes that: â€Å"even in that moment of final dissolution there was in the face a look of peac e. † Reflecting Dracula's release from his eternal suffering, showing that despite Vampire's intrinsic evil, they did not relish their life of pain and death. Another aspect of the conventional protagonist is their striking physical presence, and Stoker presents Dracula as conforming strongly to this, with his strong jaw, aquiline nose and extreme paleness. He has thick eyebrows, wild hair, a â€Å"heavy moustache† and â€Å"remarkably ruddy† lips. Almost immediately Harker notices aspects of Dracula's character which are not quite normal, describing Dracula as â€Å"cruel-looking,† with his moustache hiding his â€Å"cruel mouth. † This underlying unease demonstrates how Dracula's physicality reflects and warns of his internal evil. Stoker presents Dracula's specific appearance as very typical of the genre, as in The Monk, Matthew Lewis describes Ambrosia in an almost identical way to Dracula: â€Å"He was a man of noble port and commanding presence. His stature was lofty, and his features uncommonly handsome. His nose was aquiline, his eyes large black and sparkling, and his dark brows almost joined together. His complexion was of a deep but clear brown; study and watching had entirely deprived his cheek of colour. † This similarity shows how conventional Dracula's physical presence is, his stature reflecting his high status and aristocracy like Ambrosias. Stoker presents Dracula as having an element of the sexual, through his attacking of women, and his uncontrollable desire to overpower and control others. Harker's interaction with the Bride's of Dracula demonstrate the confusing relationship between pleasure and pain that the Vampire embodies: that we somehow desire what we know may or will hurt us. This connection is seen in one of Dracula's weaknesses: that he cannot enter a house without being invited first, which could be a metaphor for his role as a sexual predator, as a woman has to somehow desire or want Dracula to feed from them in order for him to suck their blood. When Mina discovers Lucy after Dracula's attack, Stoker describes her using post-coital imagery: â€Å"her lips were parted, and she was breathing- not softly, but in, long heavy gasps† demonstrating how Lucy possibly enjoyed her attack by the handsome stranger. In The Monk Ambrosia is undone by his carnal lust for Matilda, and then his rape of Antonia, as he is transformed from a pious monk into a sexual predator: â€Å"With every moment of the Friar's passion became more ardent, and Antonia's terror more intense. However Lewis presents Ambrosia as being full of self-loathing and disgust once he had â€Å"dishonoured† Antonia: â€Å"The very excess of his former eagerness to possess Antonia now contributed to inspire him with disgust. † Stoker presents no such sense of repentance from Dracula, whose uses his sexuality primarily to further his control over England. Finally, Stoker presents Dracula as associating with the bestial, through his control over animals and nature, his connection with the ‘other,' and his animalistic consciousness. When Harker arrives at the castle, Stoker immediately connects animals with the Count through the images of wolves: â€Å"All at once the wolves began to howl as though the moonlight had some peculiar effect on them. † Dracula's control over animals is one aspect of his foreign and unknown nature, reflecting Victorian fear of the barbarianism of the supposedly unrefined central Europeans. Dracula can transform himself into a giant bat, which appears as a menacing presence throughout the novel: â€Å"there was a sort of scratching or flapping at the window. Dracula's strange social behaviour and physical presence demonstrates how he is not quite human, and it seems that he certainly relates to animals more than he does to other people: â€Å"Ah, sir, you dwellers in the city cannot enter into the feelings of the hunter. † Ultimately it is Stoker's portrayal of Dracula as a character completely driven by primal desires that associates him with the animal, and any feeling s he represses ultimately become apparent. This characteristic along with the others demonstrate how Dracula is primarily a conventional protagonist in his looks and character traits, his doom and his desires.